Jimmy’s parents could send him to preschool because the school is near their home, There are many other Penan families who stay far away do not have these opportunity because they need to take a few hours to brave the rough terrain to come to the preschools. All the children from grade 1 to grade 6 are staying in the school hostels. Jimmy’s class has 25 children, more children than each of the other grades (1 – 6) which has less than 20 in each class. The school caters for those from age 5+ to 13, from preschool to grade 6. Almost 100% of children have access to health care services too (CDD, ) The vulnerable populations who do not have equal access to ECCE have been identified through the ECCE Policy Implementation Report (2007) as the indigenous children, refugee children, as well as children with disabilities. Almost 100% of school going kids has access to primary school education (MOE 2008). Today only about 10% of the 5+ children do not have preschool education (CDD, ). Much has been done in the field of ECCE since Malaysia achieves independence in 1957. However from a humanistic perpective often it is also because of this vulnerable population that a particular policy was drafted. From a purely governance perspective, often it is these vulnerable populations which contribute to factors causing the ineffective implementation of a particular policy. Attention to Vulnerable Population Convention on the rights of the child (CRC) adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 20 November, 1989 places the care and protection of every child as a priority for everyone especially government.ĬRC has indicated that all children should be treated equally, thus policies on children are mostly universal, standardized throughout the population and non-discriminative against children from different geographic location, social economic status, physical and mental abilities. The following sections will deliberate on some of these issues using findings from the ECCE Policy Implementation Review as well as other sources of information. Issues related to governance of policy include sustainability of policy, inclusiveness in planning and implementation of policy, attention to vulnerable population, dissemination of policy and program, accountability in governance, coordination of policy implementation and funding. Policy implementation depends on this mechanism of governance good governance always leads to effective implementation of the policy. Governance lays out roles and responsibilities of each stakeholders as well as line of authority (Britto & Ravens, ). The reason for control is usually for a particular noble purpose.
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